Of P-Notes, Bulls, Bears and Clueless Experts on TVI began investing actively in the monsoons of 2003. Not just to make extra money, but also because I was fascinated by the entire science of investing. Investing called for recognising patterns, maximising equations, understanding how "value" changed under the hood, and finally ... for the ability to see the big picture. I have a preference for seeing the "big picture" as you might have gleaned.
Armed with some theoretical financial knowledge based on my newly acquired shiny MBA and after consuming all available public research on the performance of mutual funds and equities, I set out to do my share of informed and intelligent investing.
Since 2003, I have witnessed two market meltdowns, and a fairly consistent bull run. Given that we seem to be now witnessing a fairly decent sized crash, its time to put some thoughts together to help anyone who may be rolling up their sleeves to roll the dice. I'll keep this post short and come back to it from time to time. As you can imagine, investing is an ocean by itself, but I really want to take the time to state my most compelling learnings. The stuff that you can learn when you go beyond the books that you can buy.
1. Prices and "Market Efficiency"
Generally speaking, the basic methods to calculate the value of equities are fairly well defined and agreed upon. What does this mean? This means that given the same amount of information about a company, everyone with access to that information must agree upon the value of a share. They should use the same set of tools and therefore arrive at the same number. This phenomenon of agreement is rather elegantly called "Market Efficiency".
What does this mean?
News about the world, a country and a company is usually public information. If there is good or bad news , everyone goes back to the computer, crunches the set of available numbers and then discovers that the last calculated "real value" has changed, creating an arbitrage opportunity exists. Simply put, this means that there is a difference between "current value" and "real" value. Market participants now quickly buy or sell as the case may be, hoping to make money till such time that "current value" == "real value".
All that I have stated so far is the stuff that books will teach you. This is also basically what "experts" and "analysts" on TV base their comments on. More often than not, and not surprisingly, it is usually foreign analysts and fund managers who apply these methods based on PE values and state that the stock index is at "fair" value at a certain level.
For the first few months of my investing life, I tracked these crunched reports and listened carefully to well articulated arguments about what should be fair value. Over time, I learnt never take the guy on TV too seriously.
Why?
Because they are squarely wrong when it comes to the times when you really lose money or gain money.
Secondly the quality of finance journalists in India is far from professional. Admittedly, the electronic media in the finance space is relatively new. Anchors were hired initially to field calls from common people to relay the question to experts, but over time, they have graduated to believing that they are skilled analysts. Gosh, the grander the illusion, the faster they believe.
CNBC anchors are actually happy or sad depending on the current value of the sensex. This is astonishing to say the least!!! How can a finance news anchor be attached to prices going up??? This is nothing but irrational. If something kept going up unnaturally, any person would question it, rather than jump for joy and wear "15K" or "18K" T shirts and then dance behind a similarly labeled placard. Seriously, a much awarded journalist on CNBC has done just that on numerous occasions. Not just unprofessional, but also stupid.
If you discount the news anchor as a necessary and silly reality, you now begin to wonder why the erudite analyst is getting it wrong so often? Is there no Market Efficiency? Why is he missing the mark so routinely?
Why?
Great rhetorical question :-)
Cos markets are like weather systems in some ways. Acting on cause and effect, but the cause and effect of a very very large number of factors which are beyond the comprehension of a group of people. In time, factors become recognized .... like the Govt agents making well timed announcements, or long existing loopholes suddenly coming into focus, or large amounts of money changing course and entering an emerging economy, etc. Not really the butterfly flapping its wings causing a storm at the other end of the planet, but definitely something similar.
Take the P-Note situation which caused the latest fall? Apparently as of today, 51% of FII money comes in through P-Notes.
Whats a P-Note? A SEBI registered FII, turns around in his country and asks someone if they want to invest in India without registering with the Govt agency. The foreigner says "YES" and begins to pump money into the FII. Liquidity increases, stock prices go up, and people make money. The Govt waits till we are at dizzying heights before realising that most money coming in is dirty and decides to clamp down.
Note that the P-Note mechanism was always prone to this risk. Why is the Govt reacting so late? Is this just a case of solving the problem now, when it is bigger? Should they have waited till the elections were over? Could they have waited no longer? How dirty was the money?
Anyway, the point is, as an individual investor, relying on public information, you can never be sure of making money in the next 6-18 months. Trust me, I know this from experience. A very successful man once said to me "Invest in the stock market the amount of money you are prepared to lose". This came from a very successful man who built and sold a few companies in his lifetime, and maintained most of his winnings in the stock market. Of course he didn't mean stay out. He meant invest only what you are prepared to lose in the short term.
There is something to be said for analysis, all said and done. Everyone agrees that India is the place to invest in for all the right reasons. So you should. Invest what you are prepared to lose, but invest.
Before I sign off, I have to recollect what two celebrated agencies Citibank and Credit Suisse said an year ago. They said the fair value of the Indian equity market is with the sensex at 8K. This was less than an year ago. The sensex has at 19K last week. So much for market efficiency.
So what is my prescription. Become better at reading the weather. Understand the seasons, but always account for the odd tsunami. Also, know that the longer you study the weather, the better you will get at it. And finally, buy insurance if you live near the ocean.